Early onsets are plotted in red rectangles, and late onsets are plotted in blue rectangles. (B) Divergence onsets when the neural responses to the 4 delay conditions were significantly different at each region. Neural correlates associated with DAF and a cortical model of speech production. While the behavioral aspects of DAF effects are becoming clearer, the underlying neural circuitry is still largely unknown.įig 1. DAF devices have been developed to help stutterers become more fluent. It is well known that DAF causes nonstutterers to speak disfluently but stutterers to speak more fluently. After this study, many researchers investigated how DAF affects speech production. Listening to slightly delayed samples of their own voice through earphones ( Fig 1A) caused participants to speak slowly however, if they attempted to maintain normal speed, artificial stutter characterized by undesired repetition of syllables or fricatives occurred.
In 1950, Lee reported the effects of DAF on speech production. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is one of the most famous methods to alter auditory feedback. The importance of auditory feedback on speech production has been supported by many studies using altered auditory feedback. When a mismatch is detected, an error signal is generated, which is used to modify motor commands to compensate for the discrepancy. In contrast, the feedback system monitors the difference between the predicted speech sound, based on the motor commands that were made, and the actual speech sounds that occurred. The feedforward system generates articulatory motor commands based on previously learned speech sound maps and predicted auditory states associated with the motor commands. To accomplish this objective, it is considered that speech production uses both feedforward and feedback control systems.
The main objective of speech articulation is to produce sounds that allow the speaker to effectively communicate with the listener. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.įunctional magnetic resonance imaging IFG, PLoS Biol 20(2):Ĭopyright: © 2022 Callan, Callan. Citation: Callan A, Callan DE (2022) Understanding how the human brain tracks emitted speech sounds to execute fluent speech production.
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